6) What is Fragmentation?

      The scattering of the parts of the same disk file over different location is called fragmentation.

7) What is Defragmentation?

   The process of rewriting parts of a file to contiguous sectors on a hard disk to increase the speed of access and retrieval is called defragementation.

8) What is scan disk?

     Scan disk is a process ,which invovles in maintaining the disk files and folders using a kind of utility software.

9) What is back up?

   A copy of a file which is used in the event of original file being corrupted is called back up.

10) What is password?

       A password is a secret word or phrase that gives a user access to a particular program or system.

                                                    Bhoto Jatra 

There is a very interesting legend regarding to this “Bhoto Jatra”. Once the Nag Raj went in search of a physician. Lastly he met to a Baidhya (herbal Physician); and he took to the Baidhya in side his water kingdom (pond) at Karkotaka Daha (Pond). This Karkotaka Daha is situated towards the southern side of Kathmandu. The physician healed the Nagin (queen serpent) and the King Nag became very happy. Then he rewarded him an invaluable Bhoto (vest) decorated with so many precious diamonds. Then the Physician returened back very happily at his home.

One day the Baidhya went to transplant paddy in his field. He unfastened his Bhoto while he was working; and kept in near by there somewhere. In the mean time a Giant arrived there and stole his invaluable Bhoto; then the physician became very much sad and enraged. One day when there was a broke out a terrible fighting in between of them. No one could win the fight. Finally the case was field at the King’s court for the final settlement. The king was not satisfied from both side’s evidence; and lastly he decided to offer it to lord Machhindranath by amassing a huge gathering and demonstrating there to all. This is the same Bhoto, which is demonstrated till to this day in Lagankhel Kathmandu; which is called the “Bhoto Jatra” by all. It’s believed that Lichhibi king Gunakam Dev had started the practice of this fete.

A quarrel developed over the vest, and since neither party could prove ownership, it was agreed that the undershirt would be kept with Bunga Dyah until the rightful owner comes to claim it with adequate proof. Since then, the vest has been shown to the public annually as a call to potential claimants to step forward.The living goddess Kumari of Patan also arrives in Jawalakhel to observe Bhoto Jatra. She watches the ceremony from a special rest house. The auspicious day when the Bhoto Jatra is held is determined by astrologers, so the date is changeable. In 2014, the vest showing will be held on 22 June.After the festival, the chariot is dismantled and the parts are stored until it is time for the procession the next year. Rato Machhendranath is taken to a temple in the nearby village of Bungamati, also known as the second home of the rain god. 

  

NETWORKING (Match the Following)

19.                                                                                                         
a)  Pictures in motions                   Guided media(c)
b) TCP/IP                                        animation(a)
c) UTP                                             Random Access Memory(d)
d) Volatile memory                         CD-ROM
                                                         Protocol used in Internet(b)

20.

a) LAN                                       Within a city (b)
b) MAN                                      Internet protocol(d)
c) UPS                                        Within a room(a)
d) IPX/SPX                                Power supply device(c)
                                                   Between countries

21.

a) Sound card                              WAN (d)
b) Virus                                       Internet explorer(c)
c) Web browser                           Multimedia(a)
d) Satellite link                            damage or corrupt data(b)
                                                     Bridge

22.

a) TCP/IP                                      Multimedia(c)

b) Back up                                     Web address (d)

c) Sound card                                 Software security (b)

d) URL                                           Protocol (a)

                                           RJ45

23.

a) Node                                      a network computer that utilizes the resources of other

                                                        computer(c)

b) Client                                     a set of rules by which computers communicate with each

                                                       other over a network(e)

c) Host                                       a self-sufficient computer that acts both as a server and a client

                                                        (shares and uses resources)(d)

d) Peer                                        any network device that can connect to the network and can

                                                        generate, process or transfer network data(b)

e) Protocol                                 the most powerful type of computer on the network, that does

                                                       all the processing for the User (a)          

24.

a) Ring topology                  A group of computers that functions both as a client and  server.(c)

Sim                           b) Simplex connection             A group of computers and associated devices that share a common      

                                                                         Connection line       or wirelesslink(e)                                                                  c )Peer-to peer  network          A network topology in which network nodes are connected in

                                                      Continuous circle (a)

d) Fiber optic cable               A connection in which the data flows in only one direction from

                                                        the transmitter to the receiver. (b)

  e) LAN                                 A network cable that contains stands of glass fibres inside an

                                                        insulated casing.(d)

Fib

25.

a) TCP/IP                                   Addressing data, converting them into packets and Routing (a)

b) FTP                                         Transfer mail and attachment on the network (d)

c) POP                                        Transfer files between two computers (b)

d) SMTP                                     Fetching mails from the mail server to a user’s computer (c)

QBASIC PROGRAMMING

QBASIC PROGRAMMINGS

1)              Using FUNCTION procedure write a program to check whether the given number is armstrong or not.

Ø DECLARE FUNCTION CHECK(N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

A=N

ARM=CHECK (N)

IF A=ARM THEN

PRINT “Armstrong number”

ELSE

PRINT “Not Armstrong number”

END IF

END

FUNCTION CHECK (N)

S=0

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD 10

S=S+R^3

N=N\10

WEND

CHECK=S

END FUNCTION

2)              Using SUB procedure write a program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not.

Ø DECLARE SUB CHECK(N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

CALL CHECK (N)

END

SUB CHECK (N)

S=0

A=N

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD 10

S=S*10+R

N=N\10

WEND

IF A=S THEN

PRINT “Palindrome number”

ELSE

PRINT “Not palindrome number”

END IF

END SUB

3)              Using SUB procedure write a program to display factors of a given number.

Ø DECLARE SUB FACTOR(N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

CALL FACTOR (N)

END

SUB FACTOR (N)

PRINT “The factors are”

FOR I=1 TO N

IF N MOD I = 0 THEN PRINT I,

NEXT I

END SUB

4)              Using FUNCTION procedure write a program to display factorial of a given number.

Ø DECLARE FUNCTION FACT(N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

PRINT “The factorial is”; FACT (N)

END

FUNCTION FACT (N)

F=1

FOR I=1 TO N

F=F*I

NEXT I

FACT=F

END FUNCTION

5)              Using SUB procedure write a program to reverse the given digit.

Ø DECLARE SUB REVERSE (N)

CLS

INPUT “ENTER ANY DIGIT”; N

CALL REVERSE (N)

END

SUB REVERSE (N)

REV=0

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD 10

REV=REV*10+R

N=N\10

WEND

PRINT “The reversed digit is”; REV

END SUB

6)              Using FUNCTION procedure write a program to check whether the given number is prime or composite.

Ø DECLARE FUNCTIONCHECK (N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

P=CHECK (N)

IF P=2 THEN

PRINT “Prime number”

ELSE

PRINT “Composite number”

END IF

END

FUNCTION CHECK (N)

C=0

FORI=1 TO N

IF N MOD I=0 THEN C=C+1

NEXT I

CHECK=C

END FUNCTION

7)              Using SUB procedure write a program to find the sum of given digits.

Ø DECLARE SUB SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any digit”; N

CALL SUM (N)

END

SUB SUM (N)

S=0

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD10

S=S+R

N=N\10

WEND

PRINT “Sum of digits=”; s

END SUB

8)              Using FUNCTION procedure write a program to count total number of odd digits in a given digit.

Ø DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT (N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any digit”; N

PRINT “Total number of odd digits is”; COUNT (N)

END

FUNCTION COUNT (N)

C=0

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 =1 THEN C=C+1

N=N\10

WEND

COUNT=C

END FUNCTION

9)              Using SUB procedure write a program to display only even numbers from the input.

Ø DECLARE SUB EVEN (N)

CLS

INPUT “Enter any number”; N

CALL EVEN (N)

END

SUB EVEN (N)

E=O

WHILE N<>0

R=N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 = 0 THEN PRINT E

N=N\10

WEND

PRINT “Even numbers are”; E

END SUB

10)Using function procedure write a program to find the HCFand LCM of a given number.

DECLARE FUNCTION HCFLCM(A,B)
CLS
INPUT"ENTER ANY TEO NUMBER";A,B
PRINT"LCM=";HCFLCM(A,B)
END
FUNCTION HCFLCM(A,B)
C=A
D=B
WHILE A MOD B<>0
T=A MOD B
A=B
B=T
WEND
L=C*D/B
PRINT"HCF=";B
HCFLCM=L
END FUNCTION

                                                                                       

                                                                         

NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

1)  UTP-

UTP

         UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is the most popular type of twisted pair cabling which is inexpensive, reliable and supports data transfer rates up to 1 Gbps. Cat 5 is the most popular category that uses RJ-45 connectors. UTP is good for noise rejection and it covers a maximum distance of 100m.

2)  STP Cable-

STP

                STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) is a kind of costlier cable in which wires are wrapped in a metal sheath to provide extra protection from external interfering signals. D-shell connectors are used in STP cable. STP has shorter distance than UTP (only 90m) but has better noise rejection.

3)  Coaxial Cable-

Coaxial Cable

                     Coaxial cable is a wire with single-ended single-reference where the central conductor carries the data signals. It uses BNC, T-connectors and terminators in bus topology of a computer network and cable network. 10 Mbps is the maximum speed of coaxial cable.

4)  Fiber Optics Cable-

Fiber Optics

                             Fiber optics is one of the costlier cables used in data communication that uses light to carry a data signal through the cable. The connectors used in fiber optics are SMA (Screw-Mounted Adaptors) or ST (Straight Tip Connector), SC (Subscriber Connector) and FC (Ferrule Connector).

5)  Radio Waves-

Radio waves

                     The type of unguided media, where the signal is carried over by carrier waves is called radio wave. The computers or networks that need to communicate using radio waves should have an antenna. The antenna converts the outgoing and incoming data packets into radio waves and transmits them.

6)  Terrestrial Microwave-

Terrestrial Microwave

                           Terretrial microwave is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic waves hose wavelengths are measured in small numbers o centimeter.

7)  Satellite Microwave-

Satellite Microave

                                   In satellite communication, signal transferring between the sender and receiver is done with the help of satellite. In this process, the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves is sent towards the satellite.

8)  Connectors-

Connectors

                  Connectors acts as an interface between the NIC of the computer and the cable that passes data from one computer to another. The type of connector depends on the cable types or devices used in networks. Some of the commonly used connectors are:

Connectors	Cable
RJ-45	RJ-45 RJ-45 (Register Jack-45) is used with UTP cable.
BNC	BNC BNC is used with coaxial cable.
D-shell	D-shell D-Shell (              ) is used with STP Cable.
Terminators	Terminators are used with coaxial cable.
ST	ST ST (Straight Tip Connectors) is used with fiber optics cable.
SC	SC SC (Subscriber Connector) is used with fiber optics cable.
FC	FC FC (Ferrule Connector) is used with fiber optics cable.
SMA	SMA SMA (Screw-Mounted Adaptors) is used with fiber optics cable.
T-Connectors	T-connctos T-Connectors (      ) is used with coaxial cable.